Galileo Galilei
An astronomer, mathematician, inventor, and author, Galileo Galilei
was a rebel genius in the 1600s who was sentenced as a heretic by the
Catholic Church.
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He’s been called the father of modern astronomy, the father of modern physics, even the
father of all modern science, but Galileo Galilei (who is known by his first name only)
was a rebel. He did not set out to turn the science world and the Roman Catholic Church
on their collective ears, but that’s what happened.
The son of a musician in Italy, Galileo was a naturally curious man with a great gift for
mathematics and invention. When someone told him that a scientist in Holland thought it
might be possible to use a tube with glass lenses to see far away, Galileo sat down and
built the first modern telescope.
Sea captains and others loved his invention, but it was when Galileo turned one of his
telescopes towards the sky that he began to get into trouble.
In the Europe of the early 1600s, the Catholic Church was the ultimate power. People
who questioned its version of the world risked being labeled “heretics,” and arrested,
tortured, even killed. The Church insisted that the Earth was the center of the universe
and that the planets were perfect spheres, and anyone who tried to contradict these ideas
was in great danger. The problem was that Galileo’s telescope had shown him that the
Church’s teachings on this matters was wrong.
Galileo proved that the Earth orbited around the Sun, not the other way around. He foundmoons orbiting Jupiter and Saturn, when the Church said everything was supposed to
revolve around the Earth. And Galileo even measured the mountains and valleys on the
Moon, showing that it was not the perfect sphere the Church claimed it to be.
Galileo not only made these discoveries, he also published them in widely popular books
that often made fun of the ignorance of his critics. Even though he tried to tiptoe around
the Church’s positions, everything Galileo did proved them wrong.
It was only a matter of time before Galileo was put on trial and sentenced as a heretic. He
spent the rest of his life under house arrest, and all of his books were banned.
A true scientist to the end, Galileo kept experimenting and writing in secret, even as an
old man. It was only long after his death, when there was so much proof that his findings
could no longer be ignored, that Galileo’s work was fully recognized. In 1992, the
Catholic Church apologized and admitted he had been right.
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